Applied Carbonate Stratigraphy

Introduction 1
Mineralogic Composition of Carbonate Sediments 1
Carbonate Components 2
Carbonate Grains 2
Skeletal Grains Types 2
Non-Skeletal Grain Types 7
Environmental Data of Skeletal Particles in Sediment 10
Carbonate Matrix 10
Carbonate Pores 12
Carbonate Cement 15
Carbonate Pore Classification 16
Carbonate Texture and Classification 16
Classification of Carbonate Rocks According to Depositional Texture17
Introduction 17
Significance of Mud 20
Grain-support and Mud-support 22
Binding 26
Classes and Names26
References 30
Environmental Controls, Depositional Environments, Facies and Depositional Systems of Carbonates 31
Environmental Controls 31
Hydrographic Controls 33
Transport of carbonate sediment 34
Sedimentary Environments and Facies 35
Sedimentary Environments 35
Terminology of Sedimentary environments 35
Sedimentary facies 36
Tidal Flat Environment 37
Supratidal Sedimentary Environment (Figures 15a, b, d, e, f And 16e, g) 37
Supratidal Sedimentary Facies 37
Intertidal Sedimentary Environment (Figure 15C, D, E, F, 16A) 40
Intertidal Sedimentary Facies 40
Subtidal Sedimentary Environment 40
Subtidal Sedimentary Facies 42
Tidal Flat Recognition Criteria 42
Beach Environment 43
Backshore Environment 43
Backshore Sedimentary Facies 43
Foreshore Environment 43
Foreshore Sedimentary Facies 45
Shoreface Environment 45
Shoreface Sedimentary Facies 46
Beach Recognition Criteria 45
Middle Shelf (Outer Ramp) Environment 46
Middle Shelf Sedimentary Facies (Figures 21 and 22) 49
Middle shelf Recognition Criteria 49
Middle shelf Recognition Criteria 50
Shelf Margin Environment 51
Sandbank Shelf Margin Environment 52
Sandbank Shelf Margin Facies 52
Shelf Margin Environment (Figures 24 and 27) 56
Back Reef Sedimentary Environment 56
Back Reef Sedimentary Facies 56
Reef Flat Environment 56
Reef Flat Sedimentary Facies 57
Reef Crest Environment 57
Reef Crest Sedimentary Facies 57
Reef Front Environment 57
Reef Front Sedimentary Facies 57
Slope Environment 59
Slope Sedimentary Facies 59
Pelagic Environment 59
Pelagic Sedimentary Facies 60
Sedimentary Facies Patterns, Depositional Models and Nomenclature 60
Carbonate Ramp 60
Rimmed Carbonate Shelves 62
References 62
Carbonate Stratigraphy of Platform Deposits 65
Introduction 65
Controls and Processes Shaping Carbonate Deposits 65
Inherited Topography 65
Basin Dynamics 66
Rate or Carbonate Sediment production 67
Rate of Subsidence 67
Rate of Sea-Level Change 67
Carbonate Deposits and Organic Evolution 69
Stratigraphic Aspects of Carbonate Deposits 70
Vertical Sequences and Walther’s Law 71
Cyclicity in Carbonate Sequences 72
Response of Carbonate shelves to Basin Dynamics 77
Carbonate Accumulation During a 2nd order SL Rise 77
Evolution of Carbonate Ramps 77
Evolution of Carbonate Shelves 78
Relationship at top of Prograding Shelves 79
Relationship at base of Prograding Shelves 80
Carbonate Deposits and Seismic Geometries 82
References 84
Evolution from Sediment to Rock: Carbonate Diagenesis 85
Introduction 85
Major Diagenetic Processes 85
Mineralogic Stabalization 85
Sediment Compaction 86
Cement Precipitation 86
Dissolution of Carbonates 87
Dolomite Replacement 87
Calcification of Dolomite 88
Hydrologic-Geochemical Considerations 88
Diagenetic Environments 88
Sedimentation-Diagenetic-Reservoir Models 90
Introduction 90
Shelf—Burial Model 90
Shelf—Meteoric Diagenesis Model 91
Buildup or Island — Meteoric Diagenesis Model 92
Shelf—Evaporite Reflux Model 92
References 93 ...................Top